Digital Library Federation

2006

Contexts and Contributions: Building the Distributed Library
by Martha L. Brogan
(November 2006)
[DLF]

This publication is a major contribution to the Digital Library Federation's suite of work that focuses on the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting. A compendium piece to the 2003 report A Survey of Digital Library Aggregation Services, this environmental scan by Martha L. Brogan reveals a maturing and rapidly changing landscape of services. It draws our attention to “major developments affecting the ecosystem of scholarly communications and digital libraries” and provides a rich comparative analysis of digital library aggregation services, including a clear-sighted view of “the obstacles requiring further attention to realize . . . an open, distributed digital library.”

A copy of this publication is available for 35.00 USD. Order Contexts and Contributions: Building the Distributed Library here!

2005

Acquiring Copyright Permission to Digitize and Provide Open Access to Books by Denise Troll Covey
(October 2005)
[CLIR/DLF]

From the expense and difficulty of determining copyright status and locating the owner to the struggle to get a response from a publisher when seeking permission to digitize for scholarly use, this timely report provides a detailed account of the challenges facing libraries today. It should be of practical use to publishers and librarians alike as we try to navigate the current situation and work to improve it, through such innovations as the "orphaned works" legislation that is currently under discussion. The lessons learned and reported will inform and aid the rest of us as we wrestle with the same problems.

A copy of this publication is available for 25.00 USD. Order Acquiring Copyright Permission to Digitize and Provide Open Access to Books here!

A Kaleidoscope of Digital American Literature by Martha L. Brogan with assistance from Daphnée Rentfrow
(September 2005)
[CLIR/DLF]

This report will be useful to anyone interested in the current state of online American literature resources. Its purpose is twofold: to offer a sampling of the types of digital resources currently available or under development in support of American literature; and to identify the prevailing concerns of specialists in the field as expressed during interviews conducted between July 2004 and May 2005. Part two of the report consolidates the results of these interviews with an exploration of resources currently available. Part three examines six categories of digital work in progress: (1) quality-controlled subject gateways, (2) author studies, (3) public domain e-book collections and alternative publishing models, (4) proprietary reference resources and full-text primary source collections, (5) collections by design, and (6) teaching applications. This survey is informed by a selective review of the recent literature.

A copy of this publication is available for 30.00 USD. Order A Kaleidoscope of Digital American Literature here!

2004

Electronic Resource Management: Report of the DLF Electronic Resource Management Initiative.
Timothy D. Jewell, Ivy Anderson, Adam Chandler, Sharon E. Farb, Kimberly Parker, Angela Riggio, and Nathan D. M. Robertson. (August 2004)
[DLF]

As libraries have worked to incorporate electronic resources into their collections, services, and operations, they have found that their existing integrated library systems are not capable of supporting these new resources. The DLF Electronic Resource Management Initiative was organized to support the rapid development of such systems by producing a series of interrelated documents to define needs and to help establish data standards.

A copy of this publication is available for 30.00 USD. Order Electronic Resource Management here!

Digital Library Content and Course Management Systems: Issues of Interoperation.
Report of a study group co-chaired by Dale Flecker, Associate Director for Planning & Systems, Harvard University Library, and Neil McLean, Director, IMS Australia. (July 2004)
[DLF]

Technical Guidelines for Digitizing Archival Materials for Electronic Access: Creation of Production Master Files - Raster Images
Steven Puglia, Jeffrey A. Reed, Erin Rhodes, and the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. (June 2004)
[DLF]

Archives, libraries, and museums are increasingly building collections of digital surrogates to improve access to their cultural assets. This report addresses a spectrum of considerations for digitizing a variety of works on paper valuable to administrators and technicians alike. Topics include file formats, image capture, metadata, and quality assessment. Although not concerned with preservation reformatting, the guidelines provide a range of options for increasing electronic access to primary source materials.

A copy of this publication is available for 25.00 USD. Order Technical Guidelines for Digitizing Archival Materials for Electronic Access here!

---

Draft (February 2005) open for review and comment:

Cataloguing Cultural Objects. A Guide to Describing Cultural Works and their Images. Draft--February 2005. Visual Resources Association, with funding from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, The Digital Library Federation, and The Getty Grant Program.

CCO provides guidelines for selecting, ordering, and formatting data used to populate catalog records. CCO is designed to promote good descriptive cataloging, shared documentation, and enhanced end-user access. Whether used locally to develop training manuals, or universally as a guide to building consistent cultural heritage documentation in a shared environment, CCO will contribute to improved documentation and enhanced access to cultural heritage information.

---

2003

Archiving Electronic Journals: Research Funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.
Edited, with an Introduction, by Linda Cantara. (December 2003)
[DLF]

Increasingly, scholarly journals are published electronically. What does it take to keep them accessible electronically in perpetuity? Can the property rights of publishers, the access responsibilities of libraries, and the reliability assurances that scholars need be reconciled in agreements to create archives of electronic journals? These series of studies from seven major libraries examine various aspects of the challenges of archiving electronic journal content.

• Cornell University Library: Project Harvest: Report of the Planning Grant For the Design of a Subject-Based Electronic Journal Repository
• Harvard University Library: Report on the Planning Year Grant For the Design of an E-journal Archive
• MIT University Library: DEJA: A Year in Review. Report on the Planning Year Grant For the Design of a Dynamic E-journal Archive
• New York Public Library: Archiving Performing Arts Electronic Resources: A Planning Project
• University of Pennsylvania Library: Report on a Mellon-Funded Planning Project For Archiving Scholarly Journals
• Stanford University Library: LOCKSS: A Distributed Digital Archiving System -- Progress Report For The Mellon Electronic Journal Archiving Program
• Yale University Library: The Yale Electronic Archive: One Year of Progress: Report on the Digital Preservation Planning Project

A Survey of Digital Library Aggregation Services
Martha L. Brogan. (December 2003)
[DLF]

This report, commissioned by DLF, provides an overview of a diverse set of more than thirty digital library aggregation services, organizes them into functional clusters, and then evaluates them more fully from the perspective of an informed user. Most of the services under review rely wholly or partially on the Protocol for Metadata Harvesting of the Open Archives Initiative (OAI-PMH). Each service is annotated with its organizational affiliation, subject coverage, function, audience, status, and size. Critical issues surrounding each of these elements are presented in order to provide the reader with an appreciation of the nuances inherent in seemingly straightforward factual information, such as "audience" or "size."

A copy of this publication is available for 20.00 USD. Order A Survey of Digital Library Aggregation Services here!

Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists. Fred R. Byers. October 2003.
[CLIR/NIST]

This report describes in nontechnical language the various types of CDs and DVDs now in use, how they are made, and how they work. It then distills current industry knowledge about disc longevity, conditions that affect life expectancy, and how to care for optical media.

Use and Users of Electronic Library Resources: An Overview and Analysis of Recent Research Studies. Carol Tenopir, with the assistance of Brenda Hitchcock and Ashley Pillow. August 2003.
[CLIR]

This report summarizes and analyzes more than 200 recent research publications (1995-2003) that focus on the use of electronic library resources (digital libraries and digital resources).

Emerging Visions for Access in the Twenty-first Century Library. August 2003. Proceedings of the Second Documentation Abstracts, Inc. Institute for Information Science.
[CLIR]

National Digital Preservation Initiatives: An Overview of Developments in Australia, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom and of Related International Activity. Neil Beagrie. April 2003.
[CLIR/Library of Congress]

This report provides an overview of selected key national and multinational initiatives in digital preservation occurring outside North America.

New-Model Scholarship: How Will It Survive? Abby Smith. March 2003.
[CLIR]

This study describes the scope of problems posed by preserving Web-based scholarly resources, focusing on "new-model scholarship" -- scholarship that is born digital and constitutes an important source for present and future research and teaching. The new-model scholarship is, specifically, the variety of Web sites and other desktop digital objects that faculty and graduate students are creating that fall somewhere short of "published" but are worthy of access into the future.

2002

659 Data Tables for Dimensions and Use of the Scholarly Information Environment. (November 2002)
[DLF/CLIR]

We know from anecdotal evidence that users' expectations of libraries are changing as they find more information directly from the Web, but anecdotes are an insufficient basis for developing new library services. DLF and CLIR commissioned Outsell, Inc. to conduct a large-scale study to give us a much more reliable picture of user behaviors. Published here are the 659 data tables that record the responses to 35 groups of questions asked of 3,200 undergraduates, graduate students, and faculty members from academic institutions ranging from small liberal arts colleges to the largest public and private research universities. [Formats: PDF; HTML; MS Excel]

A copy of this publication is available for 40.00 USD. Order Dimensions and Use of the Scholarly Information Environment here!

An Introduction to Dimensions and Use of the Scholarly Information Environment. Amy Friedlander. (October 2002)
[DLF/CLIR]

This report presents a summary of the findings and 158 selected data tables; it should be viewed as an entry to the much larger data set of 659 data tables provided above. [Formats: PDF; HTML; Ms Reader; Palm; print]

A copy of this publication is available for 40.00 USD. Order Dimensions and Use of the Scholarly Information Environment here!

The Digital Library: A Biography. Daniel Greenstein and Suzanne E. Thorin. (September 2002)
[DLF/CLIR]

Digital libraries, once project-based and largely autonomous efforts, are maturing. As individual programs have grown, each has developed its own personality, reflecting the circumstances of its creation and environment, and its leadership. This report from CLIR and DLF draws on the results of a survey and case studies of DLF members to reveal how these influences have molded a range of organizational forms that we call the digital library. The report is written by Daniel Greenstein and Suzanne Thorin. Greenstein, formerly the director of DLF, is now university librarian and director of the California Digital Library. Thorin is the dean of university libraries at Indiana University. Section one of the report examines three stages of digital library growth: the young digital library, the maturing digital library, and the adult digital library. Section two of the report presents case studies of digital library development at six institutions. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

A copy of this publication is available for 20.00 USD. Order The Digital Library: A Biography here!

Diffuse Libraries: Emergent Roles for the Research Library in the Digital Age. Wendy Pradt Lougee. (August 2002).
[CLIR]

Research libraries are taking on a range of new roles in the digital age as they become more deeply engaged in the creation and dissemination of knowledge. While some of these roles are extensions of traditional library activity, others are largely new. Wendy Lougee, university librarian at the University of Minnesota, explores some of these emerging functions in this report. Lougee includes several examples of how some libraries and library organizations are forging new services in areas of collection development, information access, and user services; she also touches briefly on the continued importance of library as place. In addition, she suggests where new roles might emerge. In the section on information access, for example, she notes the potential for libraries to contribute to the development of the Semantic Web, which aims to develop languages for expressing information in a form that machines can process, and which therefore can be searched more accurately and efficiently. She writes, "Designing the Semantic Web will require a mix of skills, and librarians have the potential to contribute significantly to this effort." She also notes that there is a potential role for the library in certifying the authenticity and provenance of content on the Semantic Web. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

The State of Digital Preservation: An International Perspective. Conference Proceedings. (July 2002).
[CLIR]

The State of Digital Preservation: An International Perspective" is the first in a series of international symposiums that are supported by a grant from Documentation Abstracts, Inc. (DAI). The institutes, presented by CLIR, will address key issues in information science relating to digital libraries, economics of information, or resources for scholarship. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

The Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting, Version 2.0. Editors: Carl Lagoze (Cornell University) and Herbert Van de Sompel (Los Alamos National Laboratory - Research Library). June 2002.
DLF and CNI, alongside the NSF, provided funding for two years of early OAI work (2001-2002), during which time this protocol was published.

Building a National Strategy for Preservation: Issues in Digital Media Archiving. (April 2002).
[CLIR/Library of Congress]

In December 2000, the U.S. Congress appropriated funds to the Library of Congress (LC) to spearhead an effort to develop a national strategy for the preservation of digital information. Understanding that the task cannot be accomplished by any one organization, Congress wrote into the appropriations language a requirement that LC work with other federal, scholarly, and nonprofit organizations to discuss the problem and produce a plan. The staff of the Library of Congress immediately scheduled a series of conversations with representatives from the technology, business, entertainment, academic, legal, archival, and library communities. LC asked CLIR to commission background papers for these sessions and to summarize the meetings. The resulting papers, along with an integrative essay by Amy Friedlander, are presented in this document. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

Usage and Useability Assessment. Library Practices and Concerns. Denise Troll Covey. (January 2002)
[DLF/CLIR]

This report offers a survey of the methods that are being deployed at leading digital libraries to assess the use and usability of their online collections and services. Focusing on 24 DLF member libraries, the study's author, Distinguished DLF Fellow Denise Troll Covey, conducted numerous interviews with library professionals who are engaged in assessment. The report describes the application, strengths, and weaknesses of assessment techniques that include surveys, focus groups, user protocols, and transaction log analysis. Covey's work is also an essential methodological guidebook. For each method that she covers, she is careful to supply a definition, explain why and how libraries use the method, what they do with the results, and what problems they encounter. The report includes an extensive bibliography on more detailed methodological information, and descriptions of assessment instruments that have proved particularly effective. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

A copy of this publication is available for 20.00 USD. Order Usage and Useability Assessment here!

2001

Scholarly Work in the Humanities and the Evolving Information Environment. William S. Brockman, Laura Neumann, Carole L. Palmer, Tonyia J. Tidline. (December 2001)
[DLF/CLIR]

As the scholarly information environment changes, so do the needs, expectations, and behaviors of users. Assessing and responding to those changes is essential for the academic library so that it may continue in support of the scholarly mission. The authors of this report have formally examined how humanities scholars conduct and collate their research. The study was based on a small sample of scholars; nonetheless, the results are powerfully suggestive of ways in which academic libraries can adapt to and develop in a rapidly changing environment. In particular, the findings emphasize how important it is for libraries to chart their evolutionary course in close consultation with scholarly user communities. This study results from the fruitful cross-fertilization between the scholar concerned with aspects of information science and the librarian concerned with delivering operational information services. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

A copy of this publication is available for 15.00 USD. Order Scholarly Work in the Humanities and the Evolving Information Environment here!

Strategies for Building Digitized Collections. Abby Smith. (September 2001).
[DLF/CLIR]

In this report, Abby Smith synthesizes the nearly 10 years' experience that libraries have had digitizing items from their rare, special, and general collections, and making them available online. The learning she uncovers is distilled in and extended by several case studies conducted in leading digital libraries with very different digitization programs. Smith demonstrates that digitization programs work best where their role within a library's collection development strategy is clearly understood, and she identifies several roles that such programs can play. Smith also asks a number of searching questions. She muses about the extent to which digitally reformatted special and rare collections can actually support scholarly research. Probing further, she wonders whether leading research libraries in particular might more usefully focus on digitizing general as opposed to special and rare collections. In this way, they would make important holdings available in new ways while taking a first step in avoiding costs associated with their redundant management. The report is consequently much more than a strategic guide for individual institutions; it is a route map that points important directions for the library community as a whole. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

A copy of this publication is available for 20.00 USD. Order Strategies for Building Digitized Collections here!

Building and Sustaining Digital Collections: Models for Libraries and Museums. Abby Smith. (August 2001).
[CLIR]

In February 2001, CLIR and the National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage (NINCH) convened a meeting to discuss how museums and libraries are building digital collections and what business models are available to sustain them. A group of museum and library senior executives met with business and legal experts, technologists, and funders to discuss the challenges that cultural institutions face when putting collections online and to identify models for sustainability that support the core missions without contravening the internal cultures of nonprofit entities. Using examples of six enterprises -- JSTOR, HighWire Press, The International Center for Photography and George Eastman House, Questia Media, Inc., Art Museum Network, and Fathom -- the report illustrates the differing approaches being used to extend the reach of collections and services online. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

Selection and Presentation of Commercially Available Electronic Resources: Issues and Practices. Timothy D. Jewell. (July 2001).
[DLF/CLIR]

This report is the second in a series commissioned by DLF to identify and review digital collection development strategies and practices. It provides an in-depth look at how several research libraries select, license, present, and support the use of commercial online materials. Uncovering a variety of practices, author Timothy Jewell identifies those that are proving to be most effective integrating commercial online materials into library collections. He includes a decision tool that emphasizes and supports strategic planning, and encourages careful consideration of how libraries' functions and professional staff are organized. He also supplies a reference tool, citing working papers and operational guidelines that libraries rely on but rarely "publish." Finally, the author frames an important and practical development agenda by encouraging libraries to collaborate in designing information systems capable of organizing the detailed and often dynamic information they need to maintain about their commercial holdings. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

A copy of this publication is available for 20.00 USD. Order Selection and Presentation of Commercially Available Electronic Resources here!

Building Sustainable Collections of Free Third-Party Web Resources. Louis Pitschmann. (June 2001)
[DLF/CLIR]

This report is the first in a series commissioned by DLF to identify and review digital collection development strategies and practices. The report identifies and synthesizes existing practices used in developing collections of free third-party Internet resources that support higher education and research. A review of these practices and the projects they support confirms that developing collections of free Web resources is a process that requires its own set of practices, policies, and organizational models. Where possible, the report recommends those practices, policies, and models that have proved to be particularly effective in terms of sustainability, scalability, cost-effectiveness, and applicability to their stated purpose. The report outlines the similarities and differences between print and free Web resources and describes how the nature and complexity of free Web resources comply with or challenge traditional library practices and services pertaining to analog collections. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

A copy of this publication is available for 20.00 USD. Order Building Sustainable Collections of Free Third-Party Web Resources here!

2000

Guides to Quality in Visual Resource Imaging (July 2000).
[DLF/RLG/CLIR]

Five guides issued by DLF and RLG are designed to serve the growing community of museums, archives, and research libraries that are turning to digital conversion to provide greater access to their visual resources as well as to help preserve the original materials. The guides range from project planning to scanner selection, considerations for imaging systems, digital master quality, and masters' storage, and share the experience and knowledge of leaders in the field. In addition to providing advice based on the uses to which the images will be put and the technology now available, they also flag areas where further research and testing are needed. [Formats: HTML]

Risk Management of Digital Information: A File Format Investigation. Gregory W. Lawrence, William R. Kehoe, Oya Y. Rieger, William H. Walters, and Anne R. Kenney.(June 2000)
[CLIR]

This report is based on an investigation conducted by Cornell University Library to assess the risks to digital file formats during migration. The report includes a workbook that will help library staff identify potential risks associated with migrating digital information. Each section of the workbook opens with a brief issue summary; this is followed by questions that will guide users in completing a risk assessment. The appendixes also include two case studies for migration: one for image files and the other for numeric files. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

Systems of Knowledge Organization for Digital Libraries: Beyond Traditional Authority Files. Gail Hodge. (April 2000)
[DLF]

Provides an overview of systems of knowledge organization and pertinent examples of their application in a digital library environment. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

A copy of this publication is available for 15.00 USD. Order Systems of Knowledge Organization for Digital Libraries here!

Collections, Content, and the Web. (February 2000).
[CLIR]

The report explores how the World Wide Web is affecting collections-based institutions. It is based on a conference organized by CLIR and the Chicago Historical Society in October 1999, with financial support from the Institute for Museum and Library Services. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

1999

The Making of America II Testbed Project: A Digital Library Service Model. Bernard J. Hurley, John Price-Wilkin, Merrilee Proffitt and Howard Besser. (December 1999)
[DLF]

The publication defines a digital library service model that encapsulates the interaction of digital objects (including their metadata), tools, and services based on principles of object-oriented design. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

A copy of this publication is available for 15.00 USD. Order The Making of America II Testbed Project here!

Preserving the Whole: A Two-Track Approach to Rescuing Social Science Data and Metadata. Ann Green with JoAnn Dionne and Martin Dennis. (June 1999)
[DLF]

This publication is a meticulously detailed study of migration as a preservation strategy. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

A copy of this publication is available for 15.00 USD. Order Preserving the Whole here!

Digitization for Scholarly Use: The Boswell Papers Project at The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Nicole Bouché. (March 1999)
[CLIR]

This paper reports on the digitization of manuscripts from the Boswell Collection by The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University. It is one of a series that CLIR is publishing in order to explore strategies for integrating digital technology into the management of library print and media collections. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

Enabling Access: A Report on a Workshop on Access Management. Caroline Arms with Judith Klavans and Don Waters. (February 1999)
[DLF]

This report addresses the issue of how to manage access to digital information that is sensitive, proprietary, or protected by copyright. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

A copy of this publication is available for 15.00 USD. Order Enabling Access here!

Why Digitize. Abby Smith. (February 1999)
[CLIR]

Evaluates the experiences of cultural institutions with digitization projects to date and summarizes what has been learned about the advantages and disadvantages of digitizing culturally significant materials. [Formats: HTML; PDF; Print]

Avoiding Technological Quicksand: Finding a Viable Technical Foundation for Digital Preservation. Jeff Rothenberg. (January 1999)
[CLIR]

The report documents and assesses existing models of digital archiving and develops a theory of software emulation. [Formats: HTML; PDF]

1998

Selecting Research Collections for Digitization. Dan Hazen, Jeffrey Horrell, and Jan Merrill-Oldham. (August 1998)
[CLIR]

Provides detailed planning information for research libraries contemplating large-scale digital conversion of holdings for research and teaching purposes. [HTML; PDF; Print]

Library Systems: Current Developments and Future Directions. Leigh Watson Healy. (May 1998)
[CLIR]

An overview of the state of the art for those concerned with the development of digital libraries and the role of library management systems in libraries today. It contrasts librarians' visions and strategies with the development philosophies of the systems vendors that serve them. [Out of Print]

Digitizing Historical Pictorial Collections for the Internet. Stephen Ostrow. (February 1998)
[CLIR]

Describes the nature and uses of large historical pictorial collections in a both the reading room and online, analyzing the advantages and the disadvantages of digital access to images. [Formats: HTML; Print]

Into the Future: On the Preservation of Knowledge on the Electronic Age.
[CLIR]

This video (and accompanying discussion guide and a compendium of other resources) was produced by CLIR to inform a variety of publics about issues of preservation in the electronic age, to articulate what might be at stake for our society, and to point to ways that individuals and groups can work together to find solutions to the challenges posed. [Formats: Video]

1997

Digitization as a Method of Preservation? Hartmut Weber and Marianne Dörr. (October 1997)
[CPA]

Acknowledging that the digital medium is unstable, and therefore risky as a preservation medium, the report investigates how digitizing and microfilming can be combined to achieve both optimal access and maximum preservation. [Formats: HTML; Print]

SGML as a Framework for Digital Preservation and Access James Coleman and Don Willis. (July 1997)
[CPA]

Explores the suitability of Standard Generalized Markup Language for developing and providing access to digital libraries, with special emphasis on preservation issues. [Formats: Print]

1996

Digital Image Collections Michael Ester. (December 1996)
[CPA]

Projects to digitize visual collections present their own unique set of questions and concerns, as well as issues that overlap with digital capture of text. The author provides library and archives administrators with ways of thinking about this activity for the long-term benefit of preservation and scholarship. [Formats: Print]

Preserving Digital Information, Report of the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information Donald Waters and John Garrett. (May 1996)
[CPA/RLG]

This report recommends specific actions that the Commission on Preservation and Access and the Research Libraries Group, Inc., and other organizations could undertake to help develop reliable systems for preserving access to digital information. [Formats: HTML; Print]

Preservation in the Digital World Paul Conway. (March 1996)
[CPA]

Links the historical context and concepts of preservation practice and management to a new framework for effective leadership in the digital environment. [Formats: HTML]

Digital Collections Inventory Report by Patricia A. McClung. (February 1996)
[CPA]

Describes inventory project conducted by the Commission and Council on Library Resources to investigate the scope of digitization of library collections. [Formats: HTML; Print]

---

See here for pre-1996 publications from the Commission on Preservation and Access and the Council on Library Resources (precursors to CLIR), including:

• "Digital Imaging of Papyri"
• "Magnetic Tape Storage and Handling"
• "Opto-Electronic Storage"
• "Preservation of New Technology"
• "The Digital Preservation Consortium"
• "Electronic Technologies and Preservation"
• "Computerization Project of the Archivo General de Indias"
• "Computer Images for Research, Teaching, and Publication in Art History and Related Disciplines"
• "Image Formats for Preservation and Access"

---